It really depends on what you mean by “Disney”.
The Walt Disney Company is a multinational media conglomerate and it has many subsidiaries. Like many multinational conglomerates, Disney uses subsidiaries to cater to different demographics.
The “Disney” label is associated with kids-friendly fare (ie Mickey Mouse, Winnie the Pooh, etc) and so I can’t think of any R-rated films that have been released under the Disney label. It would go against their brand and target demographic.
I have listed some of the subsidiaries they own or owned and the R-rated films that were released by them.
Disney, the multinational conglomerate, owned Miramax Films from 1993—2010.
If you think that Disney had no influence over Miramax’s releases, James B. Stewart’s book Disney War documents how Disney then-CEO Michael Eisner demanded that Miramax to drop their investment in Michael Moore’s controversial documentary Fahrenheit 9/11 and reminded Miramax that Disney had the right to veto any Miramax film if it appeared that its distribution would go against Disney’s interests. (For more details, check out Fahrenheit 9/11)
From this perspective, anything released by Miramax and Dimension Films during this time period could technically be considered as released by Disney, the multinational conglomerate. Miramax owned the genre label Dimension Films (specializing in genre films).
Some of the R-rated films that Miramax released during this time period:
# Quentin Tarantino’s Pulp Fiction (1994)
# Quentin Tarantino’s Kill Bill Volume 1 and Volume 2 (2003-2004)
# Peter Jackson’s Heavenly Creatures (1994)
# Kevin Smith’s Clerks (1994)
# Gary Felder’s Things to Do in Denver When You're Dead (1995)
# Woody Allen’s Mighty Aphrodite (1995)
# Danny Boyle’s Trainspotting (1995)
# Anthony Minghella’s The English Patient (1996)
# Gus Van Sant’s Good Will Hunting (1997)
# Lasse Hallström’s The Cider House Rules (1999)
# Steven Soderbergh’s Full Frontal (2002)
Some of the R-rated films that Dimension Films released during this time period:
# Robert Rodriguez’s From Dusk Till Dawn (1996).
# Robert Rodriguez’s Sin City (2005)
# Robert Rodriguez’s The Faculty (1998)
# Halloween H20: 20 Years Later (1998)
# Wes Craven’s Scream (1996)
# Wes Craven’s Scream 2 (1997)
# Wes Craven’s Scream 3 (2000).
# Bad Santa (2003)
# The Amityville Horror (2005)
Please note that I didn’t list Scream 4 since it was released in 2011, after Disney sold Miramax and Dimension Films to Filmyard Holdings in 2010.
Disney owns Touchstone Pictures since 1984 and Disney uses the Touchstone Pictures label to release films that are mature and darker than the “Disney” label would allow.
Some of the R-rated films that Touchstone Pictures have released are:
# Ruthless People (1986)
# D.O.A. (1988)
# Garry Marshall’s Pretty Woman (1990)
# When a Man Loves a Woman (1994)
# Con Air (1997)
# Paul Verhoeven’s Starship Troopers (1997)
# Snake Eyes (1998)
# Tony Scott’s Enemy of the State (1998)
The list of films is by no way comprehensive but hopefully shows that the Disney conglomerate, through it’s various subsidiaries and labels, have released plenty of R-rated films from Quentin Tarantino’s Kill Bill to Tony Scott’s Enemy of the State. It’s also interesting to think that the Disney company have in some ways contributed to the release of films with titles like Enemy of the State and Sin City. It sort of put things into perspective about complicated nature of the film industry.