Rogue - sneaky git who gets ridiculous damage bonuses when backstabbing an enemy. Thieves, assassins, spies, or just plain any character that is good in a fight but not a really specialised warrior. Han Solo, Robin Hood, the Gray Mouser, Black Widow. My personal favourite.
Mage - guy whohas through years of study learned magic. Comes in many forms. You got your standard pyrotechnic damage dealer, subtle, controlling versions, dudes who are into creating armies of minions etcetera. Doctor Strange. Come to think of it, they're pretty rare in fiction.
Fighter - ye standard buff musclehead who likes to stab things. Captain America, Anakin Skywalker, Ben Grimm, Buffy Summers.
Tank - not a class but a combat type. A character of any class who can survive in melee and tie up the opponents while the mages and rogues can kill them.
Cleric - religious dude who is somewhat proficient in beating up people but is mostly a glorified combat medic. Oddball that does not really exist in non D&D related fantasy literature.
Paladin - cleric that is more religious than regular clerics, nd more proficient at killing people but less good at healing them.
Ranger - Fighter who put points in tracking and nature skills. Aragorn.
Monk - does magical kung fu. Kwai Chang Caine.
Warlock - different type of mage. Gets powers from demons or something like that instead of from study. Felix Faust, I think.
Sorcerer - different type of mage. Has innate magic for various reasons instead of having to have learned it. Any Harry Potter wizard, Scarlet witch, Gandalf, and really most fictional wizardly types fit into this cathegory.