I'm American so my point of view reflects that.
1900-10: Old
To me this was the last hurrah for the old mass agrarian culture in the west. the west had been colonized City's were getting bigger, but their still pockets of places that still looked like the wild west. Globally all the major landmasses had been cut up by colonialism and there was very little new land to explore and exploit.
The 1910s: Revolutionary
The mainstreaming of major technologies like the car and electricity, radically changed life for humanity going forward. Think about how fast cars fully replaced horses. Horses were really the only form of personal transportation humans had known up to that point( maybe the bicycle), and within a decade it had been almost completely replaced by the car. Electricity had a similar effect.
1920's: political
The Communist revolution happened in 1917, and it sent a ripple effect across the world. In many ways, it instigated the rise of Fascism (along with political malpractice by the allied powers after WW1). In the states, the passing of prohibition created a very raucous, corrupt, and sometimes violent reality in America's big cities. To me, this is the decade of massive political mistakes, masquerading as a big party, at least in America, and a time of great political upheaval in Europe.
1930's: Depression
Hard financial times struck the world, and war became an increasing menace.
1940's: Nationalistic.
Everybody was a flag-waver, even the bad guys. War and wartime propaganda saturated everything.
1950's: Paranoid
Fear of the bomb and "the other," defined this decade. It made society very reactionary. I've always felt human society becomes really conservative when people are scared.
1960's: Change
Civil rights Woman's lib protests in the streets. radical changes in music, violence in politics, and globally in the world.
1970's: Party
I feel that the 70s was very similar to the 20's in that the world seemed to mask a lot of real problems in a veneer of celebration. Clothing was outlandish and fun, but there always seemed to be an undercurrent of anger and disillusionment to a lot of pop culture of the day, at least till Star Wars came out and tried to make everything fun again. But even after that, there was still an undercurrent of darkness in a lot of movies back then, that would slowly wane as the decades went on. Part of the reason for that feeling was political. Watergate had America really down, oil was expensive, and Big cities like New York were the hell holes of crime and decay that would inspire creatives like Martin Scorsese and Frank Miller.
1980's: Big
the 80's took everything about the 1970s and blew it up to a cartoonish level. Big hair big clothing extravagant lifestyle. People were either a Yuppie flush with cash or pretending to be. The clothing was sparkly. Sure, there was a lot of serious stuff going on, (AIDS, Iran Contra), but a lot of it seemed to be drowned out by a lot of the bigness of the decade.
1990's: Edgy
I've noticed that in the West, times of relative peace and prosperity, often accompanied by transgressive pop-culture, Joe Quesada, once said, he found it interesting that golden age superheroes, were hyper optimistic, and bright at a time when the world looked pretty bleak (The Depression, and then WW2) but the Marvel characters which were created in the relatively peaceful early 60's were relatively more transgressive and abrasive. This was also true in the 90's. The Cold War was over, but the War on Terror hadn't begun. So what ceased pop culture. Edginess. Edgy Comics, Edgy videogames, Edgy Wrestling. Everything had an X on it because it was Xtreme (spelled without an "e" because bad spelling is cool). Even the cartoons were edgy. Rewatching old 90's cartoons it was amazing what they could get away with on a Saturday morning cartoon. Trash tv like Jerry Springer was also common.
I'm not sure about the 2000's and 2010's
I could easily say "terror" for the 2000's and "change" for the 2010's but I feel those words really don't capture the whole feeling of those decades.