Yes, Army Officer ranks are as follows:
SECOND LIEUTENANT
FIRST LIEUTENANT
CAPTAIN
MAJOR
LIEUTENANT COLONEL
COLONEL
BRIGADIER GENERAL (this is Steve's rank, according to the Captain America and the Falcon run)
MAJOR GENERAL
LIEUTENANT GENERAL
GENERAL
When Steve first signed up? No. They didn't tell him anything. He thought Project Rebirth was strictly about helping the WW2 effort. And Steve had nothing to lose. He was poor, with no family left alive, very young (17 when recruited, 18 when receiving the serum) and sickly. He always figured these things were why he appealed to them. But gradually, through the years, and in various storytelling, he's found out more and more, and with each bit of knowledge he's gained he gets more and more horrified. If you want some reading suggestions on this read Truth: Red, White and Black by Robert Morales and Deadpool: the Good, the Bad and the Ugly by Brian Posehn (Cap and Wolverine teamed up with Deadpool to undercover some Weapon Plus cloning atrocities).
Here are some pages from Truth:
Attachment 84744
Attachment 84745
Attachment 84746
Steve Rogers is a good man. He says it there, clearly, if he could take away all the pain and suffering Isiah Bradley endured through Weapons Plus program and take it onto himself, he would. So that's why I said there's already a precedence set for his reaction to the horrible things that the Weapons Plus program does.
You are correct, good catch! Thank you! Got my years mixed up.