Reading Guide for Newbies
There's more out there for her than this (IE her Ghost Rider one-shot) but most of them don't really bear mention.
Essentials
X-23: Innocence Lost - Origin Story Part I
NYX #1-6 - First Appearance in #3, but it's a six-issue arc, and the story IMO is worth reading.
X-23: Target X - Origin Story Part II. (Whatever the "official" chronology, I still feel that it works better narratively if you assume that the framing story of Laura's interrogation by Captain America is set after NYX)
New X-Men Vol. 2, #20 through the Messiah Complex event
X-Force Vol. 3 including the Messiah War, Necrosha, and Second Coming events.
X-23 one-shot (Liu)
X-23 ongoing (Liu)
All-New Wolverine (Taylor)
X-23 ongoing (Tamaki)
Skippable, But Fills In Blanks
Captain Universe: X-23. Offers some background for the Marjorie Liu ongoing, but is otherwise not particularly important.
Avengers Academy, beginning with #23 through the end (note the book has tie-ins with AvX). It follows immediately after the conclusion of the X-23 ongoing by Liu. Laura was rather underutilized, but there's some good character development nonetheless.
Avengers Arena (Hopeless). Follows immediately after Academy, and sets up Laura's status quo for All-New X-Men. She's written...decently here. Though there's one or two REALLY bad OOC moments.
All-New X-Men (Bendis) beginning with #20. Laura is not written well. At all. And she's pretty badly utilized, but it does serve as a chronological bridge between Arena and All-New Wolverine.
The Logan Legacy. Miniseries following the aftermath of the Death of Wolverine, and Laura's reaction. Explains why she has blue and gold highlights in her hair in the latter part of All-New X-Men.
Wolverines. Lays some groundwork for All-New Wolverine. Laura is written...okayish until she jobs to Mystique because EVERYONE has to job to Mystique for plot.
Doesn't Do Anything But Worth A Read
Circle of Four - Miniseries that did some pretty interesting stuff, and set up plot threads that have never been referenced since.
Skippable
Uncanny X-Men #450-460. This was her first appearance in the X-books proper after NYX. Unfortunately, her character is very poorly established at this time, and Claremont treats her as Logan with Boobs. Her appearances here have been virtually retconned out of continuity.
X-Men Red (Taylor). She's written decently, but honestly her only role here was to get Gabby into the book, and she doesn't have much to do.
Kill It With Fire
All-New X-Men (Hopeless). Laura's only role is to be in an emotionally abusive relationship with time-displaced Teen Angel. Some of the worst I've ever seen her written.
In fact, you skip pretty much anything she's in after Tamaki's X-23 book. She's horribly-written and misused in pretty much everything in the current Hickman/Krakoa era.