A number of your questions are answered/addressed in the
Man of Steel: The Prequel comic book (
here's a video version) and the novelisation.
The artificial population control came into place long after the Great Expansion but having
in vitro babies was something that was in place before the Expansion (see the aforementioned comic).
Jor was more of a renaissance man, overall, and there is a 'science' to fighting - it may be more that Zod didn't expect Jor to put up such a physical fight and underestimated me (perhaps allowing emotion to get to in the way, too).
We know from the book (with the story by Goyer) that Earth was never an (official) intended site for the ship that eventually landed on it, however it was captained by a member of the El family - Kal and Jor's distant ancestor: Kara Zor-El. The scout ship had Kryptonian embryos in the Genesis Chamber, and odds are that at least one of them was to be a male with ties to the House of El.
The official colonies and satellite areas
may have some descended survivors living in new and different civilisations, and it may well be that Krypton was, in essence, a seeder-race.
I discussed an element of this with others on the boards before The Great Erasure back in April, tying it in to an event which occurred on our world back in 1977.
This is addressed in the novelisation. There is an armoury and the suit was in there (further indicating that one of the embryos would be a male El).
Since Earth was never an intended destination, this approach isn't really a viable one. Remember, the Zod Crew had spent 33 years roaming the universe and visiting the colonies and outposts. They didn't know about Earth because it wasn't the official destination of that scout ship, so the Sol system was outside their search parameters.
If you want to have read, I wrote an 'alternate' approach to the movie, with some elements of your questions addressed:
https://www.fanfiction.net/s/1034627...h-to-the-movie