Miller would probably have incited comparisons to Batman in the fan press simply by transforming Daredevil into a grittier, more deterministic series, but Miller openly stressed the parallel in his Daredevil-era interviews. In 1981, Miller draws an explicit contrast between Daredevil and Batman: “Daredevil . . . operates on a basic motive of love for seeking out justice. . . . [Batman] is punishing those who killed his parents. Batman’s focus is on the criminal, Daredevil’s is on the victim.”27 Critics picked up on Miller’s concern with Daredevil’s motives, as well as the productive task of measuring them against those of the Batman. Reviewing Miller’s work thus far in the Comics Journal in 1982, Ed Via wrote that Miller had made Daredevil “first and foremost a moralist, a person with a strong sense of fairness and . . . compassion, someone whose actions were as directly in line with his convictions as humanly possible.”28 Even Daredevil’s scuffles with criminals differed from Batman’s in that they were performances rather than acts of vengeance:
“I see Matt Murdock as being a grown man and Daredevil as almost being a boy. . . . He believes in everything he’s doing and he works very hard at it, but part of him just gets off on jumping around buildings.”29 “I’m also trying to develop him as a guy with a terrific sense of humor, who scares criminals and has a great time doing it. Like [Steve Ditko’s DC character] the Creeper, he laughs and laughs and laughs, and thinks [to himself], ‘Jeez, they’re buying it!’”30
Miller’s favorite means of exposing his hero’s antic side was to send Daredevil to Josie’s Bar, a fictional dive where New York’s entire population of petty thieves seems to turn up every night. Digging for clues to various cases, DD inevitably sparks fights that trash the place, hurling thugs through the front window while Josie protests (for the umpteenth time) that she just had it repaired. Sometimes he even orders a drink first, but as Miller points out, it’s always a glass of milk. The milk (and the milk moustache it leaves behind) comically telegraphs Matt’s wholesomeness compared to the hardened types guzzling whiskey and beer all around him, but it also underscores Miller’s description of DD as Matt’s boyish side, the inner child that “comes alive” while playing superhero.31
Ultimately, however, the contrast Miller once drew between the borderline psychotic Batman and the psychologically healthy Daredevil sounds like an overstatement of the argument, fronted by the Village Voice in 1965 (and echoed in Esquire the following year), that “Marvel Comics are the first comic books to evoke, even metaphorically, the Real World.”32 By those lights, “real world” referentiality meant that Marvel heroes dealt openly with persecution, neuroses, and family squabbles and turned out to be their own worst enemies nearly as often as protagonists did in postwar literary fiction.
By contrast, DC didn’t raise any schlemiels, with the possible exception of Clark Kent, whose inferiority complex is all an act to keep people from noticing that, but for the eyeglasses and the hunched shoulders, he looks exactly like Superman. DC stories followed the logic of such classical storytelling modes as the epic or the chronicle, where decision making is an exponent of action instead of a process inflected by character subtleties and every action thus taken is world-historical in importance. Its editors exiled strong emotion, anxiety, mortality, and other everyday complexities to the infamous imaginary stories of the fifties and early sixties.
This means of distinguishing Silver Age Marvel heroes from those of DC hits a snag, however, when we stack Batman’s origin up against that of Spider-Man or Daredevil. The emotional crux of all three is the Spidey triumvirate of all-too-human gut reactions: guilt, shame, and a desire for revenge. Indeed, the most obvious precedent for Daredevil’s origin is the first version of Batman’s origin story in DC’s Detective Comics #33 (December 1939), in which an anonymous street thug robs and shoots Bruce Wayne’s parents before young Bruce’s eyes. Batman’s origin sets underexamined precedents for many origin stories from Marvel’s Silver Age: dead parent, angry child, costume chosen to strike fear into what the Batman of 1939 touts as a “superstitious, cowardly lot” of evildoers, an initial state of helplessness igniting the desire to bulk up and do right. Not unlike the death of Jack Murdock in Daredevil’s case, Bruce Wayne’s extraordinary childhood loss forges Batman’s determination to avenge that loss on all criminals everywhere forever after and to transform himself into a steroidal, bat-eared Sherlock Holmes.
Miller brought the Punisher, then Marvel’s most homicidal lead character, into the comparison to develop a pet point about Daredevil’s singularity: his duty to the legal system, for better or worse. In 1981, when Richard Howell asked Miller point blank, “Is Daredevil Marvel’s Batman?” Miller answered that, no, “the Punisher is Marvel’s Batman.”33 Miller argued that, unlike the Batman, whose parents’ murder catalyzed every major life decision he made from then on, the death of Battlin’ Jack did not have as “big an effect on [Matt] as his father’s life, and he is his father’s son, being a natural born fighter.”34 The Punisher, by contrast, shares not only Batman’s desire to murdered loved ones but also his will to stop killers and drug dealers in their tracks. He exceeds Batman’s mission only in that he executes the bad guys on the spot.
The Punisher, Miller tells Howell, is “Batman without the impurities. The side of Batman that makes him spare the criminals is something that’s added on. It’s not part of the basic concept of his character. . . . Daredevil’s basic concept is very dissimilar. I see Daredevil as someone who operates on a basic motive of love for seeking out justice.”35
This was not to say, however, that the Punisher’s use of deadly force made him less heroic to Miller than Daredevil or Batman were. The Punisher is a hero, Miller says, but “I don’t consider him a role model. The main difference between him and Daredevil is Daredevil’s sense of responsibility to the law. The Punisher is an avenger; he’s Batman without the lies built in.”36
The “lies” Miller mentions refer in part to Batman’s vow never to kill; he wields a gun only two or three times in his entire first forty-five years in print, due in each case to editorial inattention. While the no-kill rule probably helped keep Batman out of trouble with parents worried over comics’ influence on young children, it exacerbated the tension between his desire for justice and his sense that the legal system is inadequate to the task of collaring mass murderers and rooting out corruption. If Batman’s prime motive is to champion justice in the legal sense, to quash anarchy and restore social order, then why does he have such contempt for the police and the legal system except insofar as they can help him achieve his goals?